Communication Barrier

Communication Barrier between Local and International Student in Malaysia. The increasing number of international student in Malaysia brings many benefits to the country as well to the local students. However, there are many problems that faced by these international students in this country. One of them is communication barrier between the local students. Communication barrier always bring difficulty to them when interacting with the local students in the campus. This includes both verbal and non-verbal communication. These are the barriers:- * Limited interactionThere are limited interactions between the local and international students. The international students or the local students only communicate with each other when there are group discussions in the class or a meeting on a group assignment. They like to be with their own group of friends that are similar nationality, race and culture with them. These bring them to have less communication with the other group of students. If this thing keeps continuing then the international students cannot learn the host country culture, tradition and beliefs. They also will have less knowledge about the host country.Later on, this will bring difficulty to the international students when they enter in the work field at the host country. * Poor language The local and the international students also have problems with the language. In Malaysia, there are only two languages that are used widely not only in the university but in the whole country, which is Bahasa Malaysia and English Language. The international students or the local students only use English Language when communicating with each other because the international students don’t know the local language which is Bahasa Malaysia.The international students that not from English spoken country like students from China, Turkey, Arab and Japan, always have problem to speak in English with the local students. Some of the local students or the Malaysian studen ts also have the same problems when speaking English with the international students. These problems occur due to poor language skills. This make them to communicate non-verbally more than verbal. * Few close friends The international students in Malaysia have few close friends. They like to be friend with people that make them comfortable.They also make less new friends. This make them always think in the box and not out of the box. Most of the international students don’t like to be friend with the local students. Same goes with the local students. These things occur due to some thought of similarity between them. They make these things more important than the other rest like to make friends to learn new thing and to gain knowledge. * Slang Slang is colloquial language, where words mean something other than their formal meanings, or where words are used that is not actual English words.Sometimes slang or vernacular words will become dictionary words through use and custom. Slang also one of the biggest communication barriers between the local and international students. The international student’s slang or accent also brings difficulty to the local students when talking with them. They hard to understand what the international students try to tell them and sometimes, these will also bring misunderstanding between them. Due to these problems, they communicate less with each other. Reference 1.Hasri Hassan, Zulaikha Nurain Mudzar, Lucien Low, (2013), Corporate Communication, Pearson, Kuala Lumpur. 2. http://blogs. nottingham. ac. uk/chinapolicyinstitute/2013/01/28/integration-of-chinese-internationals-students-with-the-local-community-issues-arising-from-the-sccs-community-building-forum/ 3. http://english. peopledaily. com. cn/90001/90782/90872/7233749. html 4. http://www. awej. org/? article=20 5. http://www. purdueexponent. org/campus/article_f0ea98bd-10f3-5507-b699-b85e32fb1955. html 6. http://www. ijbssnet. com/journals/Vol. _2_No. _7;_Speci al_Issue_April_2011/5. pdf

Lakota Hills

Challenges and advantages of developing a specialty food business: The specialty food business can be rewarding and exciting, but it can also be a real struggle. Specialty foods can range from salad dressing to chocolate sauce to fragrant breads. If you can make it, you can sell it–provided you know how. The specialty food business is more about marketing than cooking, getting your product on the shelves and then off again into customers' shopping carts. You can look at it in two ways, when some people go grocery shopping; they want not just a can of soup but something special. But other hand in an age when very few have the time to stay home and bake cookies, put up preserves or pickles, or spend hours over that simmering pot of soup or spaghetti sauce, most of us scan the supermarket shelves for take-home goodness. So if you're renowned among family and friends for your famous chili or killer brownies or champagne jelly, then the specialty foods business might be your piece of pie.The advantages to this business are that it’s creative and challenging, and if you believe in your product, it can be extremely rewarding. Besides the ability to whip up a mean soufflà © or sorbet, you'll need a working knowledge of safe food-handling practices, health regulations and product liability laws. A flair for food packaging is also a must–nobody's going to buy your delightful Danishes if they look dumpy.Advantages:Being your own boss. Creating your own work environment: hours, flexibility, etc. Doing something in which you believe Reaping the benefits of hard work and long hours directly. Variety, challenges, and opportunities for creativity, full use of knowledge More open earning and growth potential Satisfaction of a successful venture, a product well received EmpowermentDisadvantages:Risk of failure Time Commitment — 60-70 hrs per week is normal Financial strain as assets become tied to business start up and success Strain on family due to financial and lifestyle change Emotional burnout Unavoidable business roles/requirements you’d rather not fill Rejection of your product by consumersIs their current strategy the best way to build Lakota hills? Yes, their current strategy will work in the initial stages to grow into a profitable business. Like targeting specialty stores, chain supermarkets and targeting retail segment with consumer educational plan. How might they integrate other channels into their overall selling model? Marketing is the key for specialty food business. With the right amount of advertising and educating the consumers about the products, Lakota hills will be able to convince other channels too like food brokers and self distributing retailers.They should still continue to target specialty stores, arts and crafts festivals, farmers' markets, events to reach more consumers and first time buyers. And they should also start mail orders, individual mail orders and online sales. If they choose the mail order route, Lakota Hills should develop their own mailing list by having everyone who purchases their products or show interest to purchase at flea markets, festivals or other events sign a guest book with address lines. Another option is to place small magazine ads so customers can order products by mail. How will Lakota Hills make money?By increasing the fry bread sales. They should start considering Adding new line of related Native American products Creating online presence and sales Providing recipes to the consumers They should work towards creating themselves as a brand instead of a productAs an angel investor, would you participate in the round this venture is seeking? Yes, I will be interested to participate in the venture. Because Lakota Hills has built up a good reputation, their business plan and financial projection looks promising. I will suggest targeting online sales if I have to invest. Online presence is the best way to reach millions of consumers.

Twelve Days in France and Italy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Twelve Days in France and Italy - Essay Example I learned that the French were quite different in temperament to the Italians and that I preferred the latter's approach to life. But I realized how open I am to the cultures of others, and how much I enjoy learning about them. Our first stop was the French capital, Paris. We arrived there late on a cold, rainy night and I remember how amazed I was, staring out of the window at the colorful Paris avenue, the famous Champs Elysee. As the bus moved through the city, I was impressed with the bustling yet organized activity, and the marvelous architectural structures, like the Arc de Triomphe, the famous museum of the Louvre, and eventually, I saw the Eiffel Tower. Everywhere, lights twinkled through the rain, as if all the city was alive with gentle movement. We had dinner that night in the Eiffel Tower's restaurant and I ate a typical French chocolate crepes. This was my first experience of French cuisine, so I had to take the opportunity and taste it. After dinner, I remember gazing with awe at the incredible lights of the perfectly laid out city of Paris. At last, I was capable of understanding why people refer to Paris as the "city of lights." On our way back to the hotel, I admired the reflection of the E iffel Tower's lights in the River Siene, and this has been an enduring memory of the beauty of the place, for me.The next morning we went to the famous Louvre Museum. It was incredible to see the variety of art that it contained; from ancient Christian sculptures, to the modern, contemporary paintings of Picasso. The museum provided countless artistic perspectives, showing life as seen from and within different cultures. ... Of course, I remember the Mona Lisa, it would have been impossible not to visit the Museum and not take time to gaze on her face.After having lunch at the Louvre, I decided to take a cup of coffee in a nearby restaurant. While in the coffee shop, I was impressed by the French people's elegance and courtesy. However, it seemed strange that it was so silent there. There were no televisions or radios blaring out noise, and people sat alone, having their coffee. Everybody in the coffee shop was silent, reading newspapers - some were even writing poetry. It was certainly very different from my Puerto Rican culture. The people in my country usually have their coffee in groups, listening to the radio or the television news. My impressions of the city were first, how beautiful and well-designed it was, and next, how calm and orderly the place, people and activity there appeared. After spending another five days in Paris, during which my first impressions were confirmed, we headed to our next destination, Italy. Rome was very different from Paris. On our way to the hotel, I could see, far away in the distance, the astonishing structure of the Roman Coliseum. The city was certainly a lot older than Paris. But I was delighted by the way in which the modern and ancient combined, with a lively, more vibrant 'buzz', going on, more chaotic than Paris, but people seemed happy. I was wondering how, in ancient times, the Romans could have constructed such amazing buildings, still standing and intact, after thousands of years. It was magnificent to be able to view all this history and grandeur. We arrived later in the afternoon, exhausted from the long journey. The group

Creating a Learning Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Creating a Learning Organization - Essay Example The learning organizations have flatter organizational structures, cross-functional teams, supportive organizational culture and commitment to excellence (Belasen, 2000). Proper leadership will facilitate a learning culture that enables the employees to remain creative and innovative thus facilitating the implementation of new ideas and suggestions in the organization (Belasen, 2000). Leadership is essential in encouraging creative learning through intellectual stimulation and encouraging innovativeness of their followers. Leadership enables the employees to continuously expand their knowledge and skills in creating desirable results for the organization. Employees are capable of attaining personal mastery of their skills and assist their workmates in meeting their job performance expectations (Mello, 2014). Leaders act as motivators by communicating optimism and addressing the concerns of employees in creating a learning organization. The leader is capable of communicating the shared vision powerfully and managing any obstacles that may hinder the attainment of the vision (Achua & Lussier, 2010). Leadership plays a role on implementing mechanisms of nurturing creative ideas for innovation through providing an environment whereby employees can learn from their past mistake and implement new perspectives in solving problems. Leadership builds the confidence and capacity of the employees to adapt to changes in the organization. Leaders are expected to provide their followers with opportunities to solve problems within their business units in order to build their confidence and develop pride for their success (Lussier, 2012). The familiarity with the change and learning process enables the organization to respond to threats and opportunities and appreciate the importance of flexibility and adaptation in the organization. The leaders encourage experimentation whereby all subordinates are expected to contribute ideas. The leadership

US History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

US History - Essay Example esulted into an strong sentiments against Britain, the second part discusses the revolution and how revolution failed to provide the desired result to all segments of the society and last section is about the political ideologies. This paper will discuss the historical events which took place since 1750s and how they reshaped the American history. Right from seven years war to the ideological conflicts between Hamiltonians and Jeffersonian regarding how the constitution of the country should be shaped, this paper will discuss as to how different factors resulted into the independence of United States. American Revolution is considered as one of the most significant events in history which radically changed everything. The involvement of different international players of that time has made the even as one of the significant events however, before the event can took place, there was a historical process which actually led America to the point of revolution. One of the key reasons for the expansion of colonies in the region was the systematic expulsion of Native Americans from the region. Further expansion also took place due to the disease, depopulation, war as well as the trade of Indian slaves. It is also important to understand that during 1750s and era before than, the region was critically controlled by three forces i.e. British, Spain and France and it was the continuous struggle between these powers which actually shaped the future course of history in the region. (Boyer, Clifford and Sandra) The overlapping interests of Spain, France and Britain therefore led to what is now called Seven years war. What is important to understand however, is the fact that this war actually redefined the relationships between different political entities within the region? Both, Britain as well as France sought the support of Native Americans. The initial efforts by Britain were overthrown by the French however, French were overpowered and Britain finally succeeded in

Personal Legend Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Personal Legend - Essay Example Discovering and realizing one’s purpose in life and hence his or her legend results in the development of enthusiasm to achieve it (Coelho 8). Following your dreams brings happiness. Nevertheless, although the path is defined, it is loaded with trails that offer teachings and give important life lessons. As such, one requires a lot of courage, self determination and discipline. I would like to give an illustration of my personal legend whilst I explain the interferences to my path and how I dealt with them. Ever since I was little, I have always been fascinated by the FBI. This made me develop a legend of wanting to become a Special Agent with the bureau. As a child playing cops and robbers, I always wanted to be a cop and always protested when other kids wanted me to play the robber. To me the game meant more than just that. I felt I was really an agent of the law making arrests. I believe there is no better way of being a good citizen of this great country than being the one who enforces the constitution. This, coupled with the inspiration that was my grandfather, who was a federal agent at the time meant it did not take long for me realize my life’s purpose. In the first grade when we were asked what we wanted to do when we grew up, some of my classmates said teachers, doctors, engineers and other professions. The teacher was surprised when I drew a picture of me holding a gun arresting a criminal with the caption, â€Å"when I grow up I want to join the FBI.† Having a legend does not mean that one will automatically attain his or her goals as we have to lead lives through space and not inside it meaning we have to move (Ingold 148). Ever since I realized my legend, I have endeavored to better myself to become an agent in the bureau. Before I reached my teens, I used to think that all I had to do to become an agent is to arrest â€Å"bad guys† and carry a gun. My knowledge of the profession was based on the television series. However, my

Dietary(Nutritional) recommendations for Hypertension (High Blood Essay

Dietary(Nutritional) recommendations for Hypertension (High Blood Pressure) - Essay Example When anti-hypertensive drugs are taken with high-salt foods, negative food-drug interactions result. In order to avoid the resulting hypertensive crisis, diet changes are required from â€Å"high carbohydrates/low protein to low carbohydrate/high protein† (Bushra, Aslam & Khan 2011). Propranolol is an anti-hypertensive drug and its serum level can be increased by taking foods rich in protein like fish. For those who cannot eat fish, omega-3 fish oil supplements are available too. But, more than 3mg of fish oil supplements daily is disadvantageous (Smith 2013). Also, orange juice should be avoided when taking medication because Hesperidin in the juice prevents drug absorption causing most of the drug to be excreted. It is recommended, therefore, to taken anti-hypertensive medicines on an empty stomach. It is suggested regarding supplements that calcium can increase the risk of hypertension and even precipitate heart attacks when taken without vitamin D (Brody 2013). The most be neficial thing for health is good diet and not supplements. Brody, JE 2013, ‘Thinking Twice About Calcium Supplements’, The New York Times, viewed 11 May 2014, Smith, MW 2013, ‘Omega-3 Fish Oil Supplements for High Blood Pressure’, viewed 11 May 2014,

ERP Story Write Up Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

ERP Story Write Up - Case Study Example The operations in HR like vacancy advertisement and subsequent hiring of employees, effective management of the entire supply chain, and providing transparent and timely financial reports may not be possible in such cases due to untimely passage of information. The use of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) software provides some solution to these problems. This is achieved if the software is installed correctly (Walgium, 1). However, the success of introducing ERP system into an organization is not obvious. Instead, the use of ERP may be associated with a series of challenges to the management as well as the employees. Some changes may be required in the system of operations of each of the sections (Walgium, 1). There is also need to have hardware and software compatibility for the applications used by different sections to be brought together. Due to such complications, an organization should thoroughly examine its worth as well the available resources before installing an ERP. Otherwise, the new technology may be worse than the traditional approach. This paper focuses on the different issues that arise when a large company decides to integrate ERP into its operations. It provides specific reference to ABS Canada, an insurance company that has three different parent organizations brought together to operate as a single entity. ABS Canada wishes to consolidate its operations in the three sections namely marketing management, human resource management, and finance management. Aux Bons Soins (ABS) has been in the insurance industry in Canada for several decades (Case study). Over the years, various developments have been seen that have significant impacts on its operations. The company has acquired two other subsidiary insurance companies in the last few years. The parent company as well as its subsidiaries has always

Nokia Marketing Plan for Smartphone Research Paper

Nokia Marketing Plan for Smartphone - Research Paper Example The launch of Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) marked a new era of mobile phone communication in 1981. Nokia took some bold initiatives during those days with the launch of first car phone, and it's been a competitive journey ever since. Year 2010 may well prove to be happening year for Nokia on account of; Its recent alliance with Shanghai New Alliance, a Chinese investment company, with an intention to offer mobile services in China. It is worthwhile here to mention that China is projected to be the biggest market of communication gadgets in times to come (TMC News, 2009). Smartphones are the latest additions to the mobile telephony. These are the advanced versions which tend to breach the dividing line between a computer and a mobile phone. With a Smartphone we can add on applications to it to enhance performance, for additional entertainment such as games and movie viewing, for better connectivity or even for better data processing. Continuing with the trend of being innovative and competitive Nokia was able to become a market leader in mobile phone manufacturing by 19982. With the convergence of technologies, Nokia started the journey towards the smarter era, with the acquisition of Symbian in 2004 and subsequently the company reorganised itself into four business segments namely, mobile phones, multimedia, enterprise solutions and networks so that the company can align its structure with the futuristic strategies (Datamonitor, 2009). The Smartphone is the latest trend in technology which intends to pack as many features as possible in the smallest possible handheld device, for usages as diverse as a TV receiver to a mini computer. Therefore, the coming years belong to smarter devices and with alternatives like Apple iPhone, Google's Nexus and many more, the competition seems to become a fierce one. As Nokia has the advantage of being an established name in all major markets around the world, it becomes easier for the company to plan out strategies for marketing its range of Smartphones. By December 2008 Nokia reported revenues worth $74,611.7 million. Having footprints in more than 130 countries, Nokia today employees more than 125,000 people at different locations3. Company's vision and strategy statement says4, "Nokia's strategy is to build trusted consumer relationships by offering compelling and valued consumer solutions that combine beautiful devices with context enriched services." With production units in different parts of the world strategically located in Brazil, China, Finland, Great Britain, Hungary, India, Mexic o, Romania, and South Korea, Nokia is in a position to leverage the economies of location and scale. Whenever the company finds that its operations are not able to deliver in any of its production facilities due to some local or regional problems, it can get the other production facilities in action to make up for the losses. While devising

World Trade bombing Essay Example for Free

World Trade bombing Essay The battle against terrorism has been centered on the Middle East where top terrorist group Al Qaeda – perpetrators of the World Trade bombing – has been formed and operated under Osama Bin Laden’s leadership. Evidences such as videotapes of Al Qaeda members being trained in the camps as well as reading scriptures from the Quran have been seen by the public concluding a message that this a group acting in the name of religion, on behalf of Islam and of their God, Allah. Terrorist groups have risen out of different events in history where Muslims consistently suffered under the hands of their western conquerors. One of these events is the declaration of the Israeli state displacing a lot of Muslim Palestinians, thus, resulting into a full blown civil war which still occurs today. The alliance of the powerful United States with the Israeli Jews and the invasion of the said country to Afghanistan (Osama’s home country), and Iraq for oil purposes; urged a call for all Muslims to fight against the United States and its allies. Allah, the God of Islam, is seen as a god that does not tolerate injustice and seen as a leader who is the protector of the oppressed and punish non-believers. Seeing the damages that the war in Israel and in Afghanistan brought to the Muslim, Osama has taken the lead in calling for the Muslim people to uphold Allah’s laws and fight off the injustice deeds of the powerful conquerors. His message boxed the compass: kick out the foreign armies occupying Muslim lands, defend the pure poor from the corrupt rich, upend the high and mighty, inspire youth by one’s own selflessness†¦His effrontery against the odds acted as a powerful magnet. (Randal, 2005, p. 46) By carrying out the trait of Allah as the warrior of the oppressed people, the message of Osama and the success of the bombings in Lebanon strengthen the aim to form terrorist factions in order to spread Islam and abolish all kinds of religions. Martyrdom The goal of fighting off non-Islamic factions has instilled an image of a ruthless oppressor due to the Muslims’ experience under the hands of western groups that has a completely different belief from them. As terrorist groups have been established, members are always being reminded about their purpose through indoctrination. Leaders of the group would often read the scriptures from the Quran, retells the heroic acts of the Islamic wars; and most importantly if they are to prepare for a suicide mission, the leaders reminds them Allah’s will of self-sacrifice and the rewards that awaits them in paradise after death (Bongar, Brown, Beutler, Bongar, Zimbardo, 2007, p. 110). Martyrdom is not a duty to be followed, it is embraced by the members wholeheartedly and waiting for it with anticipation. The act of a suicide attack is a manifestation of the martyrdom. For the Muslim terrorists, achieving martyrdom by means of suicide is a way of cleansing the sins and a form of reward. Mortal life is a life encompassed with sin. From the Christian perspective, people are destined to either go to heaven or to hell depending on the sins that have been committed and repented during his or her mortal life. On the other hand, the Islam teaches that through martyrdom, a sinner can redeem himself or herself from the sins that have been done. Participating in a suicide mission is a method to reach self-purification and to be clean from all the sins which will make an individual worthy of the eternal paradise (Pedahzur, 2005, p. 37). Aside from the promise of self-redemption, martyrdom is also use to pose as a reward not just the after-life paradise with Allah but also for family members of the terrorist. One such reward can include a change in the family’s social status (Pedahzur, p.37) where a terrorist coming from the lowest class will be granted a heroic honor for his or her death thus, earning social acceptance and a higher lifestyle from the accumulated financial or material compensation. The family of a martyr terrorist is given a â€Å"certificate of martyrdom† which they can show to avail of privileges in buying food, clothing, and gaining access to social events (Reuter Ragg-Kirkby, 2004, p. 45). Martyrdom is encompassed by the Islamic belief system of ‘jihad’ where the very word has been defined as ‘struggle’ (Habeck, 2006, p. 4). This definition within the context of martyrdom can be said that by means of suicide, to momentarily struggle the pain of inflicting pain or death to the physical body is the path towards eternal happiness. It is a motivation to conclude someone’s life which serves a purpose for the greater good of the Muslim people and for bringing Islam to the top of political power. The Other Purpose of Suicide Terrorism Aside from the strong ideology provided by religion, terrorist groups opted to perform suicide attacks because of practical reasons. Suicide Terrorism has basically became a trend in the new millennium when it comes to attacking opponents. Bruce Hoffman (who specialized in terrorism research stated that suicide attacks are low cost, effective, and cause public attraction (cited in Purpura, 2007, p. 56). Since most of the terrorist factions came from the poverty-stricken countries, if an organization is not supported by an independent financer, suicide attack is a priority to use. Most of the bombs that are attached to the suicide bomber are custom made out of inexpensive materials and to perform a suicide attack, it takes little training since the bomber mixed anonymously with the ordinary citizens (Nikonov, 2007, p.30). Another important aspect of the reference in using suicide attacks, it is because due to the fact that it cost little money and training but it guarantee media coverage (Purpura, p. 56). To be publicized is an essential part so that the group can relay its message to the enemies and at the same time to gain recognition. Recognition in a sense that, when a group member committed a suicide attack it legitimizes the group. The death of a member contributes to the sense of legitimacy and dramatic community investment in a cause. The message is that there is no going back. Some groups engage in glorification of the act, deliberately hyping a â€Å"culture of martyrdom† lionizing the attacker. This celebrity can be powerfully attractive to potential recruits, and with the suicide often comes greater general attention as well to the motivation for the act. (Linden, 2003, p. 83) Lastly perhaps the most important practical usage of suicide attack is that upon the death of the bomber, it is already a clean break. Just like Hoffman stated that there is no need for an escape plan (Purpura, p. 56) and the information with regards to the terrorist organization is left as a mystery. Impact of Suicide Attack to Society Since most of the suicide attackers are left unknown, some researchers have estimated profile of suicide bomber. This includes recruits which have an age range from 16-23 years old comprised of mostly single male while female attackers only made up of a small number; and normally members come from different social classes, with the educated leading the faction (Bongar, et al. , p. 106). It is a pattern that those who have attained education are the ones who organized the group into trainings and launching terrorist activities. From the preceding discussion, the well-publicized feedback that the suicide terrorism receives entails to induce fear not just to its specific targets but to the whole sector of the community. Unlike the conventional wars of the past, the soldiers are the ones who are assured of being killed but for suicide terrorism, it encapsulates the whole society in danger. The unknown identity of the attackers and the massive casualties it caused make people revel into a never ending insecurity. The trust within the structure of the society disappears as anyone can be the victim and anyone can be the suspect. According to Christopher Reuter and Helena Ragg-Kirkby (2004): Suicide attacks affect us profoundly and powerfully. They remind us that there are people who consider their struggle – whatever the cause – to be more important than their own lives. They annihilate the entire logic of power, since no credible threat can be made against someone who has no desire to survive. (p. 2) This form of terrorism of leaves the society in paralyzed fear with no direction of counter measures to fight against it. It is likened to a battle where one is fully armed however; darkness blinded the vision to properly defeat it. Suicide terrorism does not choose its victims any longer. The main concern refers to how huge it inflicts damage and to convey its power by materializing fear in the form of bloodshed. Perhaps this is the biggest challenge that the modern generation may have encounter, the unknown face of terror is one hard to beat. References Battin, M. P. (2005). Ending Life. New York: Oxford University Press. Bongar, B. M. , Bongar, B. , Brown, L. M. , Beutler, L. E. , Zimbardo, P. G. (2007). Psychology of Terrorism. New York: Oxford University Press.

Enzymes Catalysts In Biochemical Reactions Biology Essay

Enzymes Catalysts In Biochemical Reactions Biology Essay Introduction Enzymes are resourceful catalysts for biochemical reactions, like all catalysts enzymes tend to speed up reactions. Enzymes use alternative reaction pathway of lower activation energy. They take part in the reaction, and as a result their able to provide alternate pathways. Throughout the reaction enzymes remain unchanged because they cannot experience any permanent changes. Enzymes only have the ability to change the rate of the overall reaction; they cant affect the reactions position of the equilibrium (Rsc). In most cases a chemical catalyst will catalyze any sort of reaction, enzymes differ in this sort. Enzymes tend to be specific, and this is due to the shape of enzymes molecules (Rsc). Enzymes are made up of several proteins in a tertiary structure; these proteins tend to be globular. Many enzymes consist of a protein and a non-protein, called a cofactors and coenzymes. Cofactors are inorganic molecules that bind to enzymes to help them function examples maybe be zinc/magnesium ions (Zn2+, Mn2+), and coenzymes are organic molecules that bind to enzymes to help them function. An example of one of the most important coenzymes is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), this substrate acts as an electron carrier in cellular respiration (Nelson Biology 12). Enzymes consist of active sites, which are parts of the enzyme molecule that have the ideal shape and functional groups to bind to one of the reacting molecules. The reacting molecule that binds to the enzyme is called the substrate. An enzyme-catalyzed reaction takes a different direction than a reaction without catalyst. When the substrate binds to the enzyme a reaction intermediate is produced. This intermediate has lower activation energy than the reaction without the enzyme catalyst (Rsc). There are two kinds of enzyme reactions, catabolic and anabolic. In a catabolic reaction the interactions between the substrate and enzyme causes stress and distorts the bonds in the substrate, allowing bonds to break. In an anabolic reaction the enzyme allows two substrates to have proper orientation to allow bonds to form between them. As a result the activation energy is lowered in both the catabolic and anabolic reaction (Nelson Biology 12). Catalase is a common enzyme found in most plant and animal cells that functions as an oxidative catalyst, it decomposes hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water. Its structure is made of 4 main polypeptide chains, which can each be over 500 amino acids long. Catalase optimum temperature can vary depending on the species; similarly the optimum pH also varies from approximately 4-11. In humans however the optimum pH for catalase tends to be neutral. One molecule of Catalase can break down 40 million molecules of hydrogen peroxide each second (Catalase). The overall reaction is: 2 H2O2 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 2 H2O + O2 Many factors such as temperature, pH, inhibition of enzyme activity, substrate and enzyme concentrations can influence the affect the enzyme has on the reaction. As the temperature rises, reacting molecules gain more kinetic energy, as a result the chances of a successful collision increase and thus the rate increases. There is a specific temperature when an enzymes catalytic activity is at its maximum. This optimal temperature is usually around human body temperature (37.5 oC) for the enzymes in human cells (Figure 1). When the temperature increases past the optimal temperature the enzyme becomes agitated, it begins to denature and ultimately lose its overall affect on the reaction (Nelson Biology 12). This occurs because the increase in temperature achieves higher kinetic energy and as a result the intra- and intermolecular bonds are broken in the enzyme molecule (Rsc). Each enzyme works within a fairly small range of pH levels. Similar to temperature there is a pH at which its activity is at its maximum, the optimal pH (Figure 2). This is because changes in pH can create and break intra- and intermolecular bonds, changing the shape of the enzyme and ultimately the rate at which it will react. The rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction depends on the concentrations of enzyme and substrate. As the concentration of either is increased the rate of reaction increases (Figure 3). When substrate concentrations are increased the overall reactions proceeds to increase up to a certain point, at this point the active sites have become saturated by the substrate and there are no further significant changes in the rate of reaction (Figure 4) (Rsc). Some substances reduce or even stop the activity of enzymes in biochemical reactions. They do this by blocking or distorting active sites of enzymes. These substances are referred to as inhibitors. Inhibitors that occupy the active site and prevent a substrate molecule from binding to the enzyme are said to be competitive, as they compete with the substrate for the active site. Inhibitors that attach to other parts of the enzyme molecule, perhaps distorting its shape, are said to be non competitive (Nelson Biology 12). Figure 1: Table 1Analysis Amount of H2O2 (mL) Amount of Distilled Water (mL) Amount of pH Buffer (mL) pH Level Vertical Distance Travelled by Filter Paper Towards Meniscus Time taken by filter paper disc to move to meniscus (s) Upward velocity of Filter Paper Disc (cm/s) 10 mL 5 mL 7 (Control) 8.15 6.6 1.23 10 mL 5 mL 4 8.15 7.05 1.16 10 mL 5 mL 9 8.1 10.4 0.78 10 mL 5 mL 12 7.85 8.14 0.96 Figure 2: Graph 1 Test Tube Temperature ( °C) Distance (cm) Time (s) Rate of Reaction (cm/s) A 10.0 8.00 5.85 1.38 B 21.0 8.00 4.83 1.66 C 35.0 8.00 2.99 2.68 D 50.0 8.00 4.21 1.90 E 80.0 8.00 5.52 1.45 Figure 3: Table 2As the pH increased from 2-7 so did the velocity of the reaction (refer to figure 1: table 1). The reaction had an optimal pH of 7, and as the pH increased after the velocity of the reaction rapidly decreased. Notice the velocity for pH 12 is higher then the velocity of pH 9 (refer to figure 2: graph 1). Figure 4: Graph 2 As the temperature increased from 10oC-30oC so did the rate of the reaction (refer to figure 3: table 2). The reaction had an optimal temperature of 35oC, and as the temperature increased after the rate of the reaction began to rapidly decrease (refer to figure 4: graph 2). Enzyme concentration Distance (cm) Time (s) Rate of Change (cm/s) Other observations 100 % concentration 8 cm 3.02 s 2.65 cm/s bubbles appeared 80 % concentration 8 cm 5.06 s 1.58 cm/s fewer bubbles than previous composition 60 % concentration 8 cm 6.28 s 1.27 cm/s fewer bubbles than previous composition 40% concentration 8 cm 7.5 s 1.07 cm/s fewer bubbles than previous composition Figure 5: Table 320% concentration 8 cm 19.65 s 0.41 cm/s no bubbles appeared Figure 6: Graph 3 Figure 7: Table 4 Figure 6: Graph 3Increasing the concentration of the enzyme catalase (potato juice) rapidly increased enzyme activity (refer to figure 6: graph 3). Concentration of H202 of Distilled Water Trial Time of catalase to travel from the bottom of the test tube to the top (s) Distance of bottom of test tube to substrate(cm) Rate of change of the catalyzed reaction (cm/s) 15 mL of H202 3% 1 5.89 8.0 1.36 2 6.86 8.0 1.17 Total 6.38 8.0 1.27 13 mL of H202 2.6% 1 8.13 8.0 0.98 2 7.11 8.0 1.13 Total 7.62 8.0 1.01 10 mL of H202 2% 1 8.65 8.0 0.87 2 12.8 8.0 0.63 Total 10.73 8.0 0.75 7.5 mL of H202 1.5% 1 9.43 8.0 0.84 2 12.53 8.0 0.64 Total 10.98 8.0 0.74 5 mL of H202 1% 1 10.37 8.0 0.77 2 12.88 8.0 0.62 Total 12.63 8.0 0.70 Figure 9: Table 5 Figure 8: Graph 4Increasing concentrations of the substrate slowly increased from 1% to 2% (refer to figure 8: table 4), then as substrate concentrations increased more the rate of change became more rapid (refer to figure 9: graph 4). Experiment Number Amount of Inhibitor (copper (II) sulphate) (drops) Time taken by enzyme disc to float to top of test tube (s) Distance travelled by enzyme disc to top of test tube(cm) Rate of Change of Enzyme Activity(cm/s) 1 0 4.13 8.0 1.94 2 1 4.68 8.0 1.71 3 5 5.57 8.0 1.44 4 10 6.66 8.0 1.20 5 15 8.57 8.0 0.93 Figure 10: Graph 5 As the amount of copper (II) sulphate increases the overall reactions begins to slow down, and the rate of reaction decreases (refer to figure 10: graph 5). Evaluation Part One: Affects of pH Enzymes are very sensitive to changes in pH, and significant changes in pH can affect enzymes in numerous ways. The effects of pH on enzyme activity are due to changes in the ionic state of the amino acid deposits of the enzyme and the substrate molecules. These variations in charge will affect the binding of the enzyme and as a result, enzyme activity will increase or decrease. Over a tapered pH range these effects will be reversible however high acid levels often cause permanent denaturation of the enzyme (Users.rcn). Before conducting this experiment one can anticipate that pH levels too high or too low would cause the enzyme to denature and thus it would no longer have an affect on the overall reaction. In this experiment 5 pH levels were used 2, 4, 7(control), 9, and 12. When the buffer solution affected the pH levels of the H2O2 from 2 to 4 there was a slight increase in enzyme activity (from 0.47 m/s to 1.16 m/s). There was one control test tube contain ing H2O2 with a neutral pH of 7. This test tube conducted the highest velocity of 1.23 m/s. As a result the optimal pH for the H2O2 was at a neutral pH of 7. When the pH level of the H2O2 increased to 9 the velocity seemed to decrease, which illustrated the loss of the effect of the enzyme. However this trend did not seem to remain consistent because when the pH level was increased to 12 the velocity of the enzyme also increased. As a result, it can be stated that enzymes work best in the region of neutral pH levels, and when pH levels become too high or to low enzyme activity decreases thus the hypothesis proved to be partly correct. Part Two: Affects of Temperature The temperature of the H2O2 can severely affect the overall outcome of a reaction. Like most chemical reactions, enzyme-catalyzed reactions also increase in speed with an increase in temperature. As the temperature of the enzyme increases past a critical point thermal agitation begins to disrupt the protein structure resulting in the denaturation and loss of enzyme function (Nelson Biology 12). The hypothesis for this experiment was similar to that of pH, temperatures too high or too low would cause denaturation of the enzyme and thus it would no longer have an affect on the overall reaction. In this experiment 5 different temperatures were used 10oC, 21oC, 35oC (control), 50oC, and 80oC. When the temperature was decreased to 10oC the rate of the reaction was at it lowest of 1.38 m/s. At 21oC the rate slightly increased to 1.66 m/s. Thus there is a trend of lower temperatures causing the enzyme to lose its overall affect. There was one control test tu be containing H2O2 that was at room temperature which was 35oC. This test tube conducted the highest rate of reactions of 2.68 m/s. As a result the control test tube achieved the optimal temperature. When the temperature of the H2O2 began to increase from 50oC to 80oC there was a trend of the enzyme losing its affect, and having an overall lower rate of reaction. As the temperature increased before the optimal temperature the rate of the reaction increased, and when the temperature continued to increase past the optimal point there was a rapid decrease in the rate of the reaction thus it is evident the hypothesis was correct. Part Three: Affects of Changes in Concentrations The rates of enzyme-catalyzed reactions severely depend on the concentrations of enzymes and substrates. If one person is pushing a car it likely that car will take longer to get to and end point, however if 10 people are pushing that same car it will obviously get to the end point a lot quicker. It is the same with enzyme and substrate concentrations, the higher the concentrations the faster the reaction works. As the enzyme concentration increases so does the number of enzyme molecules, thus more substrate molecules can be acted upon at the same time which means they breakdown a lot faster. As the substrate concentrations increase, the reaction also proceeds to increase however with high levels of substrate concentrations the active sites become saturated and the enzyme no longer has an effect of the reaction (Worthington-biochem). The hypothesis for this experiment was simple, as enzyme and substrate concentrations increase so will the speed of the reactions. When changing the substrate concentrations, the five H2O2 concentrations where 3% (control), 2.6%, 2%, 1.5%, and 1%. The main trend in this experiment was the higher the concentration of the substrate the higher the rate of change. There was a significant and rapid increase in the rate of change from concentrations of 2% to 3%. When changing the enzyme concentrations, the five potato juice concentrations where 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%. Changing the concentration of the enzyme had a similar affect to when the substrate concentrations were changed. The more concentrated the enzyme was the higher the rate of the reaction. The rate of the reaction rapidly increased from 20% to 40%, however it became a bit constant from 40% to 80%, and from about 80% to 100% it began to promptly increase again. As a result, it is evident the hypothesis was correct as the concentrations increased so did the reactions. Part Four: Effect of the Inhibitors Inhibitors are used to block active sites of enzymes. They are substances used to slow down, or in some cases stop catalysis. Inhibitors either compete with a substance for the enzymes active site (competitive), or they bind to another site on the enzyme changing its shape (non-competitive) (Nelson Biology 12). Before conducting this experiment one can anticipate the more amount of inhibitor present the slower the reactions will proceed. In this experiment copper (II) sulphate was used as the inhibitor. In the five trials 0, 1, 5, 10, and 15 drops of the copper (II) sulphate were used. The obvious trend was the more inhibitor the lower the rate of reaction. Thus, the hypothesis was correct. Sources of Error Error #1: Consistency of Filter Paper When conducting each individual experiment for many groups it seemed the most difficult task was getting the filter paper to arrive at the bottom of the test tube. When the filter paper was placed in the test tube it would go about half way down the test tube, however because the reaction catalyzed quickly the filter paper would begin to rise and travel back up to the top of the hydrogen peroxide liquid. As a result you would have to perform the experiment again, with a new catalyzed filter paper. This became a source of error because it made it difficult to collect consistent data. For every test tube, and trial the filter paper did not reach the bottom of the test tube at the exact same time. In some cases it would reach the bottom without difficulty, and in other situations it became a constant struggle to push it down the test tube. During certain trials the experiment had to be performed again and the hydrogen peroxide had already lost its affect from the previous catalyzed reac tion. As a result, it is evident that the consistency and rate at which the filter paper travelled down the test tube is a significant source of error. To improve this source of error, heavier and more durable filter paper should be used. One can purchase wet strength filter paper which will make its way down the test tube on its own without any human force. Error # 2: Accuracy of Inhibitor During this experiment it became difficult to get exactly 15 mL of hydrogen peroxide after the inhibitor has been added. Copper (II) Sulphate is a severely small solvent so when added to the hydrogen peroxide one cannot control the amount of liquid present. This occurs because before adding the copper (II) sulphate it is uncertain how much hydrogen peroxide needs to be reduced in order to have exactly 15 mL. This creates a source of error because now the data collected is inconsistent because of the different volumes of hydrogen peroxide. To prevent this source of error one can use a different inhibitor that will dissolve in the hydrogen peroxide and not change its volume. Error # 3: Catalase in Potatoes During the experiment potato juice was constantly being pumped and used as the enzyme to catalyze the reactions. However it was not considered that each potato is harvested in a different way and one potato may have several nutrients, while the other may be completely dead. This results in the difference of concentrations of catalase that was taken from each specific potato. Once again this source of error causes a inconsistency in the collection of data because one cannot be certain they used the same potato, that pumped a constant concentration of catalase throughout the whole experiment. For the purpose of this experiment if only one potato was ground and made into potato juice then catalase concentrations would be consistent and it would eliminate this source of error. Next Steps A similar experiment that could be performed is Saturation Points of Substrate Concentrations. In the current lab saturation was not tested when changing around substrate concentrations. One can test the amount of substrate it would take to saturate the active site on the enzyme, and proceed to evaluate how much more of the enzyme concentration is needed to unsaturate and dissociate the substrates from the active site of the enzyme. Another experiment that could be performed is Affects on Various Enzymes. Instead of just observing the affects of change of pH, temperature, concentrations, and inhibitors on Catalase it can be tested on other enzymes. For example Cellulase, Lactase, and Pepsin.

A Complete Turnaround Essay -- essays research papers

A Complete Turnaround   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sharon Old’s poem, â€Å"The Victims,† deals with an underlying theme of abuse. Old’s illustrates this theme through the tone of the poem, which is achieved by imagistic language, rhyme and rhythm. In this poem the speaker is illustrated through two points of view, first as a child then as an adult reflecting back on a troublesome childhood experience. As the speaker’s point of view changes so does the use of poetic devices.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The poem opens with the speaker remembering the behaviors of an abusive father when she was a child. The tone at this point was one of disgust, hatred, spite, and taking joy in her father’s failures. This was due to the fact that she was taught to feel this way by her mother. As a child she was not aware of this. It was not until adulthood that she realized her feeling of resentment towards her father were evoked by her mother. The speaker, herself, was not the victim of her father’s abusive behavior nonetheless she still hated him because that’s the only way she knew how to feel. These feelings are shown through the imagistic language used to reveal the acts of revenge on the father. When the mother finally divorced the father, â€Å"her kids loved it† (3-4). When the father was fired from his job, â€Å"we grinned inside† (5-6). The pleasure that the entire family took watching their father’s demise was quite vivid. â₠¬Å"We were tickled to think of your office   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   taken away, you’re secretaries taken away† (7-9). The finality of the father’s loses was shown by the taking away of his pencils and reams of paper at his job (11). The images used in the first 16 lines are very dark and gloomy and are associated with death. This is as if to represent the family’s way of â€Å"killing him through his loses. The suits that belonged to the father were depicted as â€Å"dark carcasses that hung in your closet† (13) and Olds specifically pointed out that even the noses of his shoes were black (14). After the first 16 lines of the poem, the feelings of hated by the spea... ...;  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   poem reflects the speaker’s dissent and hatred of her father. She was expressing her anger, and when one is angered they tend to speak abruptly and choppy. As the speaker’s attitude towards her father changes, so does the punctuation in the poem. From line seventeen until the end of the poem there are no stops. There is only one period and that occurs in line 26. The poem definitely proceeds at a smoother pace. It shows that the speaker is calmer, and more relaxed. Her words flow together. Her feelings of rage and resentment to her father have subsided and feelings of sympathy and remorse have taken over. During the course of this poem the speaker has done a complete turnaround. The point of view she once held as a child has given way to a different one later in life. Her anger and hatred have turned into sympathy and regret. Olds effectively uses imagistic language and rhyme and rhythm to portray the speaker’s shift in tone. What she was taught as a child was not who she truly felt inside. Not only was her mother a victim, but her father was as well. She is able to overcome her hatred, and find her true feelings for her father later in life.

The Hot Zone by Richard Preston :: Book Report The Hot Zone

The Hot Zone by Richard Preston   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In October of l989, Macaque monkeys, housed at the Reston Primate Quarantine Unit in Reston, Virginia, began dying from a mysterious disease at an alarming rate. The monkeys, imported from the Philippines, were to be sold as laboratory animals. Twenty-nine of a shipment of one hundred died within a month. Dan Dalgard, the veterinarian who cared for the monkeys, feared they were dying from Simian Hemorrhagic Fever, a disease lethal to monkeys but harmless to humans. Dr. Dalgard decided to enlist the aid of the United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID) to help diagnose the case. On November 28th, Dr. Peter Jahlring of the Institute was in his lab testing a virus culture from the monkeys. Much to his horror, the blood tested positive for the deadly Ebola Zaire virus. Ebola Zaire is the most lethal of all strains of Ebola. It is so lethal that nine out of ten of its victims die. Later, the geniuses at USAMRIID found out that it wasn't Zaire, ! but a new strain of Ebola, which they named Ebola Reston. This was added to the list of strains: Ebola Zaire, Ebola Sudan, and now, Reston. These are all level-four hot viruses. That means there are no vaccines and there are no cures for these killers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1976 Ebola climbed out of its primordial hiding place in the jungles of Africa, and in two outbreaks in Zaire and Sudan wiped out six hundred people. But the virus had never been seen outside of Africa and the consequences of having the virus in a busy suburb of Washington DC is too terrifying to contemplate. Theoretically, an airborne strain of Ebola could emerge and circle the world in about six weeks. Ebola virus victims usually "crash and bleed," a military term which literally means the virus attacks every organ of the body and transforms every part of the body into a digested slime of virus particles. A big point that Preston wanted to get across was the fact that the public thinks that the HIV virus is quite possibly the most horrible virus on Earth, when no one takes into mind the effects and death of the victims of Ebola. Preston shows how Ebola and Marburg (a close relative of Ebola) is one hundred times more contagious, one hundred times as lethal, and one hundr! ed times as fast as HIV. "Ebola does in ten days what it takes HIV ten years to accomplish," wrote Richard Preston. The virus, though, has a hard time spreading, because the

Conspicuous Consumption in Sinclair Lewis Babbit Essay -- Lewis Babbi

Conspicuous Consumption in Sinclair Lewis' Babbit      Ã‚   The idea of conspicuous consumption, or buying unnecessary items to show one's wealth, can be seen in Babbitt by Sinclair Lewis.   Lewis describes the main character of the book, George F. Babbitt, as a person who has his values and priorities all mixed up.   Babbitt buys the most expensive and modern material goods just to make himself happy and make people around his aware of his status.   He is more concerned about these items than about his wife or children and to him, "god was Modern Appliances" (Lewis 5).   Through Babbitt, Lewis is attempting to show how the average American person will do or buy anything, even if   unnecessary, only to show off and make peers think highly of him or her.   As seen in Babbitt, George wakes up to the "best of nationally advertised and quantitatively produced alarm-clocks, with all modern attachments" (3).   Babbitt is extremely satisfied to be awakened by this expensive clock because it raises his value to the world.   A regular alarm clock can do, but George Babbitt needs the top-of-the-line model to show off his wealth.   He, along with the rest of the citizens in the book, takes great value in his car, which to him was "poetry and tragedy, love and heroism" (22).   One must think that of his family and friends, not of a piece of metal sitting in the garage.   Babbitt continues his conspicuous consumption lifestyle by vowing to quit smoking and then going out and buying "the electric cigar lighter which he had coveted for a week" (51).   Therefore, Babbitt does not necessarily buy the lighter for himself, but to show to everyone around him that he has the money to buy it, and consequently feels superior to them.   The fi... ...In the end, the Rolex watch on the hand of a rich man is not used to tell time, rather to tell the world of his accomplishments and his burgeoning bank account.    Works Cited Brooks, John. Showing off in America. Boston: Little and Brown, 1979. Feingold, Danny. "Pooches Lap up the Attention at Dog Day Care." Los Angeles Times 11 Aug. 1999, home ed.: E2 Lexis/Nexis. Henahan, Donal. "Could Veblen Explain Today's Opera?" New York Times 19 Apr. 1987, final ed.: B21 Lexis/Nexis. Laurence, Ben. "Pounds 100 up in Smoke.   Hedonism is back." The Observer 24 May 1998: 2 Lexis/Nexis. Lewis, Sinclair. Babbitt. 1922. New York: Signet, 1998. Reiss, Michael. "Are you suffering from affluenza?" New Statesman 5 Aug. 2002: 13. Walker, Michael. "The Beverly Hills-Mobile." New York Times 15 Sept. 2002, late ed.: B1 Lexis/Nexis. Conspicuous Consumption in Sinclair Lewis' Babbit Essay -- Lewis Babbi Conspicuous Consumption in Sinclair Lewis' Babbit      Ã‚   The idea of conspicuous consumption, or buying unnecessary items to show one's wealth, can be seen in Babbitt by Sinclair Lewis.   Lewis describes the main character of the book, George F. Babbitt, as a person who has his values and priorities all mixed up.   Babbitt buys the most expensive and modern material goods just to make himself happy and make people around his aware of his status.   He is more concerned about these items than about his wife or children and to him, "god was Modern Appliances" (Lewis 5).   Through Babbitt, Lewis is attempting to show how the average American person will do or buy anything, even if   unnecessary, only to show off and make peers think highly of him or her.   As seen in Babbitt, George wakes up to the "best of nationally advertised and quantitatively produced alarm-clocks, with all modern attachments" (3).   Babbitt is extremely satisfied to be awakened by this expensive clock because it raises his value to the world.   A regular alarm clock can do, but George Babbitt needs the top-of-the-line model to show off his wealth.   He, along with the rest of the citizens in the book, takes great value in his car, which to him was "poetry and tragedy, love and heroism" (22).   One must think that of his family and friends, not of a piece of metal sitting in the garage.   Babbitt continues his conspicuous consumption lifestyle by vowing to quit smoking and then going out and buying "the electric cigar lighter which he had coveted for a week" (51).   Therefore, Babbitt does not necessarily buy the lighter for himself, but to show to everyone around him that he has the money to buy it, and consequently feels superior to them.   The fi... ...In the end, the Rolex watch on the hand of a rich man is not used to tell time, rather to tell the world of his accomplishments and his burgeoning bank account.    Works Cited Brooks, John. Showing off in America. Boston: Little and Brown, 1979. Feingold, Danny. "Pooches Lap up the Attention at Dog Day Care." Los Angeles Times 11 Aug. 1999, home ed.: E2 Lexis/Nexis. Henahan, Donal. "Could Veblen Explain Today's Opera?" New York Times 19 Apr. 1987, final ed.: B21 Lexis/Nexis. Laurence, Ben. "Pounds 100 up in Smoke.   Hedonism is back." The Observer 24 May 1998: 2 Lexis/Nexis. Lewis, Sinclair. Babbitt. 1922. New York: Signet, 1998. Reiss, Michael. "Are you suffering from affluenza?" New Statesman 5 Aug. 2002: 13. Walker, Michael. "The Beverly Hills-Mobile." New York Times 15 Sept. 2002, late ed.: B1 Lexis/Nexis.

Why Is Media Effects Important

16 CHAPTER 1 paradigm† (Gitlin, 1978), more powerful, yet subtle effects, such as social control, manufacturing of consent, and reluctance to challenge the status quo, are unable to be studied; so they are ignored. WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO STUDY MEDIA EFFECTS With all these questions about the existence and substance of media effects, why is it important to continue to study them? Students in introductory mass communication courses are often reminded that mass communication is functional in society (Wright, 1986) and an important field of study because of its role as a major societal institution.Mass communication is an important economic force in the United States. In 1993, the entertainment industry alone (movies, music, cable television, and home video) brought an estimated $50 billion into the U. S. economy. Network television advertising added an additional $30 billion (Warner, 1993). Mass communication is also an important political force, acting as a watchdog over official actions and as the platform for political information and activity. The Watergate scandal, for example, was brought to light by the Washington Post and the Pentagon papers were first published by the New York Times.Political campaigns are now built around television. In 1992, the Republicans spent two-thirds of their budget on television advertisements for George Bush. Talk shows and news program coverage are crucial to campaigns. Our political leaders contact the public primarily through the mass media—press conferences, political talks. Ronald Reagan noticed that there was little political news that was made during the weekends, so he (an old radio announcer, himself) began to make radio addresses about various issues on Saturday mornings.These addresses got so much news coverage (Martin, 1984), in part because there was so little else happening, that Saturday morning radio talks are a current presidential practice. At the same time, mass media are a major source of entert ainment and the main source for news for most people. In 1995, a majority of people in the United States turned to media for news: 70. 3% were regular viewers of local television news, 67. 3% were regular viewers of network television news, and 59. 3% read a daily newspaper. In INTRODUCTION 17 addition, 48. % listened regularly to radio news and 31. 4% read a news magazine regularly (Stempel & Hargrove, 1996). Beyond the importance of mass communication in society, there are two main reasons for continuing to study media effects. The first reason is theoretical. Although most scholars acknowledge that mass media effects can occur, we still don’t know the magnitude and inevitability of the effects. That is, we don’t know how powerful the media are among the range of other forces in society. And, we don’t know all the conditions that enhance or mitigate various effects.Most importantly, we don’t understand all the processes by which mass communication can l ead to various effects. Research in media effects must continue to add to our knowledge. A second reason for studying media effects is practical and policy oriented. If we can elaborate the conditions and understand the various processes of media effects—how media effects occur—we can use that knowledge. At a practical level, understanding the processes of media effects will allow media practitioners to create effective messages to achieve political, advertising, and public relations-oriented goals.Additionally, agencies will be able to formulate media campaigns to promote prosocial aims and benefit society as a whole. That is, understanding the processes of media effects will allow media practitioners to increase the likelihood of prosocial media effects. Most importantly, understanding how media effects occur will give parents, educators, and public officials other tools to fight negative media effects. If we understand the processes of media effects, we will also un derstand how to mitigate negative effects.No longer will changing or restricting media content be the only methods to stop media effects. We will be able to mitigate negative media effects by also targeting aspects of the process of impact. WAYS TO CONCEPTUALIZE MEDIA EFFECTS: DIMENSIONS OF MEDIA EFFECTS Over the years, scholars have suggested that it is useful to analyze media effects along specific dimensions (Anderson & Meyer, 1988; Chaffee, 1977; McGuire, 1986; J. M. McLeod, Kosicki, & Pan, 1991; J. M. McLeod & Reeves, 1980; Roberts & Maccoby, 1985).Some of the dimensions delineate the type of effect; other dimensions elaborate the conditions of media impact. 18 CHAPTER 1 Cognitive-Affective-Behavioral Dimension Media effects are commonly described along a cognitive-affectivebehavioral dimension, which marks a distinction between acquisition of knowledge about an action and performance of the action. Mass communication scholars have been greatly influenced by persuasion models t hat see human action as logical and driven by cognition (e. g. , McGuire, 1985).This dimension is important in keeping scholars from assuming that knowledge and attitudes translate directly into action. Persuasion research during World War II, for example, found that although media content may be quite effective at teaching information, it had less influence on attitude formation and motivation to act (Hovland, Lumsdaine, & Sheffield, 1949). The Theory of Reasoned Action (Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975) posits that, although knowledge and attitudes have some impact on behavior, their influence is mediated (or eliminated) by social constraints.Micro- Versus Macrolevel Another dimension that describes the type of effect is one that focuses on the level of media influence: micro- versus macrolevel. Most concern about media effects focuses on impressionable audiences and has been grounded in psychological approaches. So, there is a wealth of research on media effects at the individual, or micro level. It is a fallacy, however, to assume that all media effects are accumulations of individual-level effects.Scholars recognize that a focus solely on individual-level media effects can obscure more subtle societal-level effects. Research on the effects of Sesame Street, for example, showed that children of all socioecomic status (SES) classes learned from the program. But, that learning led to another, unintended effect: a widening gap in knowledge between higher and lower SES groups. Although all children learned from the program, children from higher SES families learned at a faster rate (Cook et al. , 1975).So, individual knowledge gain may lead to greater inequities in society. Another area in which an accumulation of individual-level effects might conceal more macrolevel effects is news learning. Although many researchers have uncovered various media-related influences on public-affairs knowledge (e. g. , J. P. Robinson & Levy, 1986, 1996), these studies cannot assess the c ompleteness, accuracy, or objectivity of media’s presentations about public affairs. Several scholars argue that larger influences on news gathering and reporting may make INTRODUCTION 19 ndividual-level knowledge effects inconsequential because news sources and practices present only limited public affairs information to the public (e. g. , Gitlin, 1980; Herman & Chomsky, 1988; Tuchman, 1978). So, knowledge gain by individuals may not necessarily be functional for society. Several important effects of mass media maybe at the societal, institutional, or cultural level. Over the years, for example, the expanding telecommunications revolution has changed, and no doubt will continue to affect how political campaigns and the workings of govern-ment are conducted.Clearly, scholars need to consider various levels of media impact. Intentional Versus Unintentional Another dimension of media effects directs scholars to consider whether the effects are intended versus unintended planned for or accidental. Although this dimension is a descriptive one, it also offers some insights in the processes of media impact. For example, the development of knowledge gaps between high and lower SES children who watched Sesame Street is generally considered an unintended effect of the flow of media information. So, cholars and media policymakers study ways to close accidental knowledge gaps by increasing access to a variety of sources of information, by making information more relevant to lower SES groups, or by increasing the motivation of lower SES audience members to seek additional information. The identification of these knowledge-gap effects as accidental, then, has led scholars to focus on how knowledge is carried by the mass media, how audiences access that knowledge, and how people use media-delivered information. Another example of the relevance of the intended versus unintended dimension is one effect of television violence.The cultivation hypothesis suggests that one, often overlooked, effect of television violence is that it affects social perceptions of heavy viewers and leads those groups who are victimized in television drama to feel fearful, alienated from society, and distrusting of others (Gerbner & Gross, 1976; Gerbner et al. , 1994). If scholars believe that these effects are unintentional due to the conventions of television drama production, they might advocate certain remedies to help mitigate these effects, such as television program ratings to help fearful people avoid certain programs or to help parents screen what their children watch.If, on the other 20 CHAPTER 1 hand, scholars believe that cultivation is an intentional effect designed to reinforce the existing power structure in society by structuring reality for women and minorities so that they avoid involvement in political affairs, possible solutions would be quite different. Those scholars (at the very least) would be less trusting of television program ratings af fixed by television producers and probably not advocate that sort of solution to cultivation effects. Studying unintended effects can be a way of increasing media effectiveness.Dramatic story lines in soap operas and telenovelas have been found to not only captivate their audiences but bring about knowledge gain and some prosocial attitudinal effects (e. g. , Singhal & Rogers, 1989). So this dimension of media effects directs scholars to search for a range of effects, beyond those planned for the media producers. Content-Dependent Versus Content-Irrelevant The content-dependent versus a content- irrelevant distinction reflects the impact of specific classes of media content as opposed to the impact of media use itself.The most visible media effects research has focused on the effects of specific media content, such as stereotypes, violence, and pornography. This research assumes that specific content is linked to specific effects. As J. M. McLeod and Reeves (1980) paraphrase the nut ritional analogy, â€Å"We are what we eat†: We are what we watch. So, one way to reduce aggressive behavior in children would be to reduce the amount of violent media content that they read or watch.Or, one way to reduce sexual aggression against women would be to reduce access to media content that depicts violence against women. Although there is a good deal of evidence of the effects of specific media content, scholars should also be aware that some effects are due less to specific media content, and more to the form of the content or the act of media use. Displacement effects are a commonly identified content-irrelevant effect. Lazarsfeld and Merton (1948) suggested that political involvement could suffer if people become politically â€Å"narcotized. That is, public affairs media use might replace real political action and some people might be informed, but politically apathetic. Watching television has been attributed with lower academic achievement because children a re replacing homework and study with television watching (Armstrong & Greenberg, 1990; Hornik, 1978). INTRODUCTION 21 Other content-irrelevant effects maybe due to the form of the media presentation. Tavris (1988) is one writer who has suggested that television’s regular commercial interruptions has led to shorter attention spans.Scholars (Shannon & Weaver, 1949) investigating how information theory is relevant to media effects have found that the randomness of television’s formal features are connected to aggressive responses (Watt & Krull, 1977). Kozma (1991) speculated how the form and use of different media lead to different learning styles and outcomes. And there is a good deal of evidence that arousing media content, whether it is violent, pornographic, or suspenseful, can lead to similar excitation effects (Zillmann, 1980, 1982).In order to understand how media effects occur, we need to uncover, first, if they are content-relevant or content-irrelevant. Short Te rm Versus Long Term Media effects can be long or short term. This dimension is not only a descriptive one, but also helps describe the process of media effects. When we examine media effects, we need to question how long the effect is theoretically expected to last. Some effects, such as increased arousal (or relaxation) are relatively short term, and disappear quickly. Others, such as agenda setting, may last somewhat longer, but may disappear as the media agenda changes.Still other effects, such as the social learning of aggressive behavior, are expected to be fairly enduring, especially if the aggressive behavior, once performed, is rewarded. Some theories do not specify the persistence of their effects. Do the stereotypes that children learn from television persist even as children watch less and less television as they get older? How long do the effects of televised political ads (and their associated voting intentions) last? What are the possibilities that new ads (and new inf ormation) will change voting intentions?And what are the implications of differing periods of influence? Clearly, short-term effects can have a profound impact. If, for example, a short-term arousal effect of a violent film leads someone to get involved in a fight, permanent injury could result. But, if agenda-setting effects last only as long as an issue stays near the top of the media agenda, what long-lasting impacts can result? Media effects scholars should be clear in specifying the duration of the effects that they study. 22 CHAPTER 1 Reinforcement Versus Change A final dimension of media effects is that of reinforcement versus change.Does media exposure alter or stabilize? The most visible media effects studies focus on how media content or exposure changes the audience (or society or culture). For example, we are concerned how placid children might be changed into aggressive ones by watching violent cartoons. Or that respectful men will change into uncaring desensitized oafs through exposure to pornography. Or that voters might have their political values adjusted through exposure to political ads. Or that ignorant citizens will become knowledgeable through exposure to public affairs news.And so on. There is evidence, though, that communication’s strongest effect, overall, is reinforcement and stabilization. Selective exposure leads people to prefer media messages that reinforce their preexisting views. Selective perception points out that people interpret media content to reinforce their attitudes. Because it is often easier to observe change than reinforcement, we often neglect media’s power to stabilize. Advertisements that keep supporters active in a political campaign and keep them from wavering in support yield important effects.Media content that reinforces the already existing aggressive tendencies of a young boy may be an even more important influence than prosocial messages that have little impact. We must be careful not to equa te reinforcement effects with null effects. CONCLUSION The study of media effects is grounded in the belief that mass communication has noticeable effects on individuals, society, and culture. Evidence for these effects, though, is problematic. On one hand, despite consistence findings of effects, the variance accounted for is typically small.Moreover, the strongest effects are usually relegated to laboratory settings, which are highly artificial settings. There are, however, several reasons to expect that research underestimates media effects. Our models, theories, and methods are still imprecise; we still cannot offer complete explanations for media effects. The study of media effects remains important so that we can increase understanding of the role mass communication plays in shaping our lives. Awareness of the process of media effects will allow us to use mass communication effectively—to maximize desirable outcomes and minimize negative effects.

Client care vrq assessment

As a mobile nail technician my procedures for encouraging the use of additional services and products are:- Via verbal communication to a new client upon discussion of booking an appointment. This may take place either in person or over the telephone. I will listen carefully to the client's request for a particular treatment and will ascertain what outcome they want from the treatment. I am then able to inform them of any additional treatment options I offer which would be of benefit to them.Via verbal communication to an new or existing client during the consultation process before he beginning of a treatment. For example if the client has booked a manicure treatment, having assessed their skin and nail type/condition, if their skin is dry I would take the opportunity to recommend a paraffin wax treatment to supplement the manicure and specifically target their dry skin. During the treatment, I would answer any questions the client may have and this may Include the recommendation of another service or a product that would be of benefit to them.As a rule I would not give advice during the treatment UNLESS the client asks I want them to feel relaxed and to enjoy the experience. Aftercare leaflets are given to each client which recommend products they are able to purchase from me, and each client is given a price list detailing all of the treatments I offer. When home based, my price list is on display under the glass top of the nail station. Promotional offers on seasonal treatments and/or products to encourage a client to try something new.When the treatment is completed I will ask the client if they would like to book another appointment and will take the opportunity to ask If they would like to try any of the additional treatments that they have shown an Interest In over the course of today's retirement. When explaining aftercare, and handing them an aftercare leaflet, I can advise them of any products they could purchase that will be beneficial to help maint ain the effect of the treatment they have had and improve on any condition they may have, such as dry skin.What promoting additional services means to the Therapist If self employed – an increase in income. If employed – an increase in income or commission. An increase in sales may lead to promotion. Positive appraisals and respect. Helps to keep therapist up-to-date with new treatments and products. May be given further training to broaden their knowledge. Helps to show to clients that you are experienced and knowledgeable, leading to an Increase In regular clients. Shows confidence What promoting additional services means to the client The client receives targeted advice for their particular needs.Makes the client aware of new treatments and/or treatments they have no prior knowledge of so they can make an informed decision as to what treatments they would like. Client will be able to maintain the benefit of their treatment for longer if they try new services recomme nded especially for them, and particularly if they purchase professional reduces to use at home in between salon visits. They will feel confident that they are getting the best care from their therapist. What promoting additional services means to the Salon – Increase in sales and therefore income.Gain new clients and an increase in loyal & regular clients. Keeps the salon up to date with new treatments and products. Keeps the salon competitive in an ever growing industry. Helps with stock control & rotation. If you have products not selling very well – a promotion on these may increase sales and help reduce stock. Why is it important to understand the features and benefits of your stock? Describe what is meant by the benefit of a product- The benefit of a product is what the product can do/achieve – for example the benefit of a hand cream is that is nourishes the skin.Products contain a variety of ingredients and different products will have certain features th at provide particular benefits, for example an exfoliated may contain alpha hydroxyl acids (Shahs) from fruit, the benefit of which is to exfoliate the skin and help the production of new skin cells. Understanding the features and benefits of the products that you stock enables you to use the most appropriate reduce for your particular client to ensure they are receiving the best treatment for them that will give them the best outcome.If you are knowledgeable about what your product features and benefits are you are best able to advise your client on products they could purchase that will benefit them, giving them the best service you can, along with helping you sell the product to increase your sales and therefore income. It is also important to understand the features of your stock, as particular products may be unsuitable for a particular client for example due to an allergy they may have.Explain the benefits of a service Manicure – A manicure improves the appearance of th e hands and nails, offering a beneficial treatment that can improve dry skin, weak or brittle nails and prevent damage to the nails and cuticles. Filing the free edge of the nail improves appearance and prevents splitting, peeling and breaking. Softening and removing excess cuticle keeps them tidy and healthy and prevents the formation of hang nails. Massage of the hand and lower arm increases circulation, aids the removal of excess fluid and toxins, relieves stress and promotes relaxation.Skin is exfoliated and rushed, feeling softer to the touch. For a client with weak, splitting or peeling nails a nail strengthener product could be used, and retailed to the client to continue using at home. A paraffin wax treatment complements a manicure, particularly for clients with dry skin. This warming treatment is also beneficial for someone with arthritis. Other treatments that could be offered are:- Hand Mask, this can also be used along with heated mittens. Warm oil treatment. Products y ou could retail to the client include:- Nail file, Cuticle Oil, Hand Cream, Nail Varnish color of their choiceHow would you recognize a client's interest and when would be the most appropriate time to talk about other services? I would recognize a client's interest by listening carefully to them, watching their body language and facial expressions (such as nodding in agreement, smiling) and by asking them questions to find out what they are looking for/wanting to achieve. A client may ask a lot of questions about a particular product or treatment and this would be a great time to advise them on other features & benefits of the product or services beneficial to them. They may moment on my skin or nails and I could inform them of treatments I use.If a client commented on the lovely smell and feel of a product during a treatment I could inform them that we sell that particular product so they could continue to use it at home. A client may spend some time reading through a particular se ction of the salon's brochure so I could ask if they had any questions about something they may like to try. A client may mention a holiday in the sun they have Just booked – a good opportunity to mention how lovely it is to have a pedicure to treat the feet before ongoing flip flops & sandals, along with a waxing treatment to be ‘beach ready'!The most appropriate times to talk about other services would be during the booking process when you are ascertaining what treatment the client would like – there is an opportunity here to give them a few different options. During the consultation before the start of the treatment, once you have established any particular problems the client may have, you could offer advice on other services that will be of benefit to them. During treatment there may be occasions where the client asks questions, which should be answered.They may also be keen to chat for example when their feet are soaking or when their hands or feet are in heated mittens or booties. (Although it would be inappropriate to discuss other services if the client is showing signs that they Just want to relax during times in the treatment such as during massage, soaking feet etc). Give a brief summary of what the following laws stand for: The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 is the main legislation in the UK that provides the legal framework to ensure a safe working environment is provided for employers, employees and clients.Everyone has a duty to comply with the Act, including employers, employees and the self-employed. The Act places duties on the employer and the employee to promote high standards of health and safety in the workplace. Provide and maintain safe systems of work and safety equipment. Ensure the proper handling, storage, transportation and use of materials. Provide information, training and supervision. Provide a safe working environment. Have a written Health & Safety Policy and conduct written risk assessments. Look aft er the health and safety of there, for example clients.Some examples of employees duties under the Act are:- Take care of their own health and safety and that of others. Co-operate with their employers for example by complying with regulations to wear personal protective equipment (PEP) where necessary. To report any accidents, near misses and faulty equipment to the delegated Health and Safety Representative/Officer or Salon Manager The Consumer Protection Act 1987 protects the consumer by legislating that the products and services that consumers purchase must be safe and suitable for use I. E. Not defective.Products must be of merchantable quality and ‘fit for purpose'. There are strict measures for liability for damage caused by defective products. Government bodies are able to intervene to regulate the quality of products, and it makes giving misleading price information a criminal offence. The Trade Descriptions Act 1968 legislates that information provided by the manufac turer and retailer about products and services, must be accurate and must not be misleading. You should not make false or exaggerated claims about the benefits of a product or service to a consumer/client – to do so is illegal.Products and services should be ‘as described', be of satisfactory quality, and fit for purpose. The Sale of Goods Act 1979 and the Sale and Supply of Goods Act 1994 protect consumers when they buy, hire and return goods. These Acts legislate that goods must be:- Of good quality, as described, fit for purpose. The goods must also match any sample that a consumer is shown in-store. A consumer enters into a contract with a retailer when they purchase goods, and if those goods fail to meet the above standards then the consumer is entitled to a full refund or can make a claim under these Acts.The Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982 legislates to protect the consumer/client from the provision of a poor service or against bad workmanship. Under this A ct all services provided, for example a manicure, must be undertaken with reasonable care and skill and for a reasonable price and within a reasonable timescale. Treatment – Manicure. Possible links to suggest: Paraffin Wax Treatment Mask Treatment Hot Oil Treatment Exfoliation Hand Scrub Forearm waxing French Polish Finish Pedicure with matching or contrasting nail varnish color Natural Nail Overlay Nail Enhancements Purchase of cuticle oilPurchase of nail strengthener Purchase of nail varnish and/or backseat and/or topcoat Treatment – Pedicure. Possible links to suggest:- Leg and/or Toe Wax Manicure with matching or contrasting nail varnish color Nail Art Purchase of heel repair cream Treatment – Leg Wax. Possible links to suggest: Pedicure Waxing on other areas such as bikini, underarm Spray Tanning Purchase of exfoliating scrub Purchase of leg & foot cream Treatment – Facials. Possible links to suggest:- Eyebrow shape Eyebrow tint Eyebrow wax Lash tin t Lash extensions Make Up application or lesson Indian Head Massage Lip waxElectrolysis Purchase of eye cream Purchase of face creams/serums Purchase of make-up What is meant by the term ‘body language? Body language is non-verbal communication such as smiling, nodding, appropriate posture and personal space, eye contact. Treatments you would promote for each season:- Spring: Mother's Day Gift Vouchers . ‘Get ready for Summer' packages including Manicure & Pedicure, Facials, Waxing & Spray Tanning. Easter Nail Art with/without such as reflexology and Hopi ear candles. Exfoliation treatments such as micro determination, and body wrap treatments to ‘shed' your winter skin.Promotion of nail varnishes in spring colors – think of floral colors such as pink roses and yellow daffodils. Greens, lilacs and blues. Summer: Pre-holiday packages that include Leg, Bikini and Underarm Waxing along with eyebrow wax and tint and a pedicure. Bridal Package that includes brida l make up (trial and application on day), relaxing massage of choice and manicure with French polish. Spray Tanning Promotion such as 1/2 price matching file and polish on hands with every summer pedicure. Special offer on combinations of waxing.Promote pastel shades of nail varnish and make up and and/face creams that contain UP protection. Autumn: Target sun-damage repair with treatments such as facials, body wraps, exfoliation/micro determination. Spray tanning – ‘Keep your summer tan for longer' promotion. Halloween Nail Art. Bonfire Night Nail Art. Manicure treatments to promote nail growth ready for the Christmas party season. Promote autumn colors in nail varnish and make-up – oranges, reds, greens. Winter: Gift Vouchers for Christmas Presents. Christmas Party Packages – Manicures with Christmas nail art and Pedicures with Twinkle Toes.Body wraps and socials to keep skin hydrated during the cold winter months. Clients may not want wax treatments as regularly during winter due to covering up in warm clothes so a promotion of a buy one get one free/half price wax treatment e. G. Have a leg wax and get a bikini wax free or half price so you maintain your regular customers over the winter. Or a half price leg wax with a spray tan treatment. Promote the darker color nail varnishes such as black and blues and purples along with glitter finishes and anything that sparkles for the party season.How could you learn about new products or services for the salon? You can learn about new services or products for the salon in a variety of ways. It is good practice to continually refresh and update your skills by attending regular training courses and refresher courses which will keep you up to date with new techniques and products. Other ways are:- Subscribing to industry magazines and reading other literature for example from manufacturers, will keep you up-to-date on new products and services on the market.Researching new and other service s and products that via on-line research or via your wholesaler, other stores and manufacturers. Trialing the products yourself – use new products at home for a time to see the benefits for yourself. Receive other and new treatments to experience the treatment for yourself. Attend manufacturers sessions aimed at educating you on their products. Attend trade shows. Information sharing by all technicians within the salon. Ask questions/ shadow more experienced technicians. How will any new services benefit the salon?New services will benefit the salon by increasing the client base and therefore the salon's income. Existing clients will enjoy trying new treatments which they may then kook in regularly for. New clients wishing for these particular services will be attracted to the salon, and then may become a regular for that treatment and other treatments the salon offers. New services will mean the salon remains competitive in confident that the technicians in the salon are tra ined regularly to be able to provide the new services.The more services a salon can offer, the more the ability to adapt a treatment to suit a particular client. New services may bring a new range of products that that salon can promote for retail, increasing sales and income. Technicians will come multi-skilled and more knowledgeable, gaining client's confidence and helping to keep clients loyal to the salon. New services mean new training for the technicians which will keep them interested and enthused in their work, creating a positive working environment where the technicians feel valued.What are the main factors that might influence clients to use your products or services? Good Advertising and a good image. Positive word-of-mouth from existing clients. Convenient location. Technicians that are pleasant, professional, knowledgeable, with good presentation and personal hygiene. A clean and tidy salon. Competitive prices, loyalty schemes and promotions. A good range of services a nd products offered, that can be confidently tailored to the clients individual needs. Professional range of products.Client feels valued and looked after and has confidence in the technicians knowledge and abilities. How would you introduce a new service to a nervous client? The ‘hard sell' approach rarely works and could intimidate a nervous client. I would use clear verbal communication they can understand with no Jargon, together with encouraging body language and would be aware of the client's body language to indicate if they are interested or not, seem happy/comfortable or not, and I would ensure I am giving them enough personal space.Building a good rapport with a nervous client and demonstrating knowledge and confidence will help the client feel confident that they can trust my advice. Promotion of a new service should be timed appropriately. I would answer any questions the client has and let them sample the products that would be used, along with clearly explaining the features and benefits of the service, the length of time the service will take, the cost and the process involved. If they seem unsure – I would give them time to think it over and let them know they can call back anytime if they have any further queries.What factors must you take into account when selling a new service or product, especially if you cannot perform the treatment yourself? When selling a new service or product you must ensure you are complying with consumer legislation, for example the Sale and Supply of Goods Act 1994 and the Trade Descriptions Act 1968. You need to be well informed about the service and product – in particular you need determine if it is suitable for the particular client. If it is a high maintenance retirement – does the client have enough commitment and time to keep on top of it?You would need to know how long the treatment takes, what products are used – their features and benefits – and how much the treatme nt or product costs. You need to be aware of your client's body language – are they really interested in the sale or not? If you cannot perform the treatment yourself you will not be the best person to give the client advice as you may not be well informed about the treatment and the products used. The client may end up disappointed with the results which could lead to them making a complaint or not coming back to the salon.You could put the client at risk if you promoted a service or product you did not know enough about as it may be an inappropriate treatment for the client for example due to an allergy they may have. The client may sue for compensation and the salon may be held liable. You should find out what you need to know to answer a client's questions by asking a therapist who can perform the treatment and/or has received the product training. Or you could ask this therapist to speak to the client.If a client had reservations about a product or service I would clearl y and simply explain the features and infinite, using terminology they will understand. I would explain why this service or product would be advantageous for them. I would let the client try a sample of the product and answer any questions they have, demonstrating its usage. There may be some literature such as a brochure about the product/service that the client could read. I would not put pressure on the client, but allow them to take their time to decide. They may want to go away and think about it.If it is a treatment they are unsure about I would talk them through it step by step so they would know what to expect. The client may want to talk to a more experience therapist, or someone who has had the treatment/used the product. I would ask the clients questions to determine what they are unsure about. If they are concerned about the price of a product I would let them know how long it will last, or show them different size options. Giving appropriate and balanced information to clients is possible if you have good knowledge and experience with the treatments and products you use & sell.Keep up to date with training on existing and new products and services. Doing a thorough linen consultation, and asking the client questions for further information will mean you are best able to advise them on what is best for them, or alternatively what would NOT be ideal for them. Asking plenty of open questions which allows the client to give you more detailed answers will help you ascertain more about the client and their expectations. Noting the skin and nail type a client has will help you adapt any treatments for any particular problems they may have.You need to consider any financial restraints the client may have that might make a more ‘high maintenance' treatment unsuitable for them. They may or may not have the time or commitment needed to properly maintain some treatments, for example nail enhancements. Be honest with the client about their expectations à ¢â‚¬â€œ if what they want cannot be achieved you must tell them, and offer alternatives. The ‘hard sell' approach rarely works and the client will not appreciated feeling they are being pushed into a sale. Encouraged, to ask questions as a client becomes educated about a product or service by asking questions that are answered confidently and with knowledge by the therapist. If a client is educated about their treatment and the products they arches they are more likely to be happy with the service and effects of the treatment, and will be more likely to return to the salon for regular treatments. They will get more out of their treatment by keeping up with good homemade advice and by using products correctly.They are less likely to use products incorrectly therefore will put themselves at less risk of contra-actions following a treatment or use of a product. If the therapist questions the client, they will be best able to determine what treatment or product would be most benef icial for them, and be able to adapt treatments specifically for their needs. Better homemade advice can be given and the client will find the benefits of the treatment last longer and will feel valued as a client, and will feel confident in the skills and knowledge of the therapist.A client who asks questions, and is questioned by the therapist , is less likely to have unachievable expectations, but instead will know what benefits to realistically expect. Questioning the client gives you the opportunity to find out whether they have understood what you have said. Giving them time to ask you questions means they will not feel pressured, and you are more likely to build a rapport with the client. One question can lead to another, and you may get the opportunity to promote new services and products.Question 24, page 17 Ensure you have given the client all the necessary information about the product or treatment. They can still change their mind so stay positive with encouraging body l anguage and verbal communication. Ask the client if they would like to book their appointment now for the treatment, but do allow them time to make the final decision so they don't feel pressured – make sure they have your contact details if they prefer to call back at a later date to make the booking. If they are purchasing a product you can move the sale along by asking encouraging questions such as â€Å"Which size would you like to take today? , or â€Å"Would you like a bag for that? â€Å". Take payment from the client using the methods accepted by the salon Question 25, page 18 Some treatments are quite ‘high maintenance', for example acrylic nail enhancements. A client having acrylic nail enhancements needs to be made aware of the maintenance needed and therefore time to be committed to regular appointments for infill's and rebalanced. Once the client understands this – they can aka an informed decision on whether the enhancements are the right treatme nt for them.If a client makes a booking for a new and/or luxury treatment they have not had before it is important they understand how long the treatment will take – if they don't, they may end up running late for another appointment they have made which will spoil the treatment for them if they are feeling stressed about time. Clients also need to be made aware that it is important that they are not late for their treatment – it is unfair for the client booked in after them to have to be made to wait, and it may prevent this. This will lead to disappointment for this client.If a product the client would like to purchase is currently out of stock this could lead to disappointment – but if they are clearly informed when it will be available, and that you will track the order for them and contact them as soon as it is back in stock – you are more likely to keep them happy and keep them returning to the salon. Clear and effective communication with a client will prevent any misunderstandings and disappointment for the client. They may want to try a new treatment but it is only offered by a small number of therapists in the salon, meaning there is a longer dating list.Client's who are well informed are more likely to remain loyal to the salon. Theory Evidence Sheet 2 Question 1, page 19 Personal space is the area around a person that they perceive to be private, and if that area is intruded upon it makes them feel uncomfortable. The size of that area will be different to each individual and can be different depending on whom they are communicating with/close to e. G. Whether it is a friend or a stranger. Some people can feel very stressed and anxious when their personal space is invaded. They can feel threatened, upset or angry.Question 2, page 19 Feedback from clients on client care can be gained via the following methods:- In person via verbal communication – you or your Manager can ask your clients how they would rate the care they have received and whether any improvements could be made. Just be aware that a client could feel ‘put on the spot' when asked such questions in person and they may feel uncomfortable in giving an honest answer. Over the telephone – this could be done by the client's own therapist, the Salon Manager or another employee given the task to survey client's opinions on care.They ay be more honest with their answers than if asked in person. You would need to ensure you have up to date telephone numbers for your clients and this could be a costly and time consuming way to do a survey. By post or e-mail – using written communication. A short survey could be posted or e-mailed to clients. If done via post the clients answers could by anonymous therefore you may be more likely to get honest opinions. E-mail would be the cheaper option. The benefits of a written survey is that the client is less likely to feel pressured into completing it and can do it in their own tim e. You may though get a low response.Up to date client records would be essential to ensure you have up to date addresses and e-mail addresses. Via the Salon's website – clients could be encouraged to view the website and complete a short survey (anonymously if they wish). Clients may be more likely to complete a survey if they have an incentive such as a half price treatment or product. Any survey should be kept short and ask the most important questions first in case they do not get time to finish it. Feedback should show where you are doing well with client care and where there are areas of improvement needed. Training needs can be